Head lice are parasitic insects that live close to the scalp and feed on human blood. Although they do not spread disease, people with head lice are often uncomfortable and embarrassed by the condition. People can treat lice at home, but should always report persistent or severe cases of head lice to a doctor.
Manual Removal
People who do not wish to use insecticides for treatment can manually remove the lice and nits from their hair. Although this can be a lengthy and tedious process, the Mayo Clinic notes that this method should be a first-line treatment for children under the age of 2. To use this method, thoroughly wet the hair and use a fine-toothed comb and to remove the lice and nits. Repeat this process every three or four days for a minimum of two weeks, according to the Mayo Clinic.
Over-the-counter Medications
Over-the-counter head lice medications are widely available at most drugstores and supermarkets. Although several brands and types of products exist, each over-the-counter medication contains either pyrethrin or permethrim as its active ingredient, according to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. These products typically only kill lice and not the nits, so people need to do a second application of these products 9 to 10 days after the initial treatment.
Malathion
Malathion kills live lice and partially kills the nits. If live lice are still present 7 to 9 days after treatment, people should repeat the treatment. Malathion is only intended for people over the age of 6, and may cause irritation to the skin and scalp. It is also flammable, so people using malathion lotions should not smoke or use electrical heat sources during the treatment process.
Lindane
Lindane shampoo is used for treatment-resistant lice and is not recommended as a first-line therapy, according to the CDC. Lindane is toxic to the brain and nervous system if it is overused, misused or accidentally swallowed. Infants, children, the elderly, those with a history of seizures, those weighing less than 110 pounds and women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should avoid using lindane.
Benzyl Alcohol
Benzyl alcohol is another prescription medication for head lice. Although this medication is useful for adults, children younger than 6 months should avoid this medication. Side effects of benzyl alcohol include skin, scalp and eye irritation. Using this medication on premature infants may cause seizures, coma and even death, warns the Food and Drug Administration.
Supplemental Measures
Preventing re-infestation is an important part of the treatment process. People who have had head lice should machine wash and dry all clothing and bed linens, and soak all hair brushes and combs in steaming hot water for approximately 5 to 10 minutes, suggests the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Thoroughly vacuuming the floor and furniture can also prevent re-infestation.
