As the largest and most exposed organ of the body, the skin is vulnerable to many diseases. Infections, inflammatory conditions, and malfunctions of the skin are common. Some skin diseases are transient, while others may persist throughout life. Dermatologists–doctors specially trained in disorders of the skin–most commonly treat chronic or severe skin diseases.
Acne
The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) reports 40 to 50 million Americans have acne, making it the most prevalent skin disorder in the United States. The condition results from excess skin oil that obstructs pores causing inflammation. Blackheads and whiteheads represent pore blockage at the skin surface. Pimples result from oil blocked deeper in the skin leading to inflammation and redness. Acne cysts form when oil blockage occurs deep within the skin causing an intense inflammatory reaction. Acne cysts often cause scarring. According to the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), topical over-the-counter and prescription lotions and creams are often helpful for reducing mild to moderate acne. Oral antibiotics are typically used in combination with topical medicines for the treatment of moderate to severe acne. Doctors may prescribe the medication isotretinoin for severe cystic acne. NIAMS warns that although this medication is usually effective, it has potentially serious side effects, including an association with birth defects.
Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis, more commonly known as eczema, is a chronic skin condition characterized by dryness and intense itching. Repetitive scratching of the skin typically causes swelling and redness. Eventually, the skin can break open and ooze fluid. As the skin heals, scaly crusts form. The onset of atopic dermatitis most commonly occurs in infancy and early childhood. NIAMS reports approximately 10 to 20 percent of children in this age group are affected. Among adults, an estimated 1 to 3 percent have atopic dermatitis symptoms. The cheeks and chin are most commonly involved in infants. Other common areas affected include the crook of the elbow, the skin at the bend of the knee, and the ankles and wrists. Treatment depends on age and the severity of the condition and may include topical medications or ultraviolet light therapy. Avoidance of chemicals that may irritate the skin such as dyes, perfumes and chlorine can also help reduce symptoms.
Rosacea
Rosacea is a common skin condition characterized by persistent facial redness. According to NIAMS, rosacea affects 14 million Americans. Adults in the third through fifth decade of life are most frequently affected, with women predominating. Early in the disease, redness or flushing in the central areas of the face waxes and wanes. As the disease progresses, redness persists and tiny blood vessels called telangiectasia may be apparent on the skin surface. Pimples may appear in the reddened areas of the skin. AAD reports eye involvement in approximately 50 percent of people with this condition. Dryness, redness and a scratchy sensation are common symptoms of eye involvement. Treatment for rosacea depends on the severity of the condition. Various topical medications and oral antibiotics may be prescribed.
