Overview
Cholesterol is a lipid that is used by the body in the synthesis of new cells as well as the synthesis of some hormones. Cholesterol levels in the body can be measured using blood tests. Patients with abnormal results on a cholesterol test might have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
Cholesterol Types
There are two types of cholesterol that can be measured on a cholesterol test, according to MedlinePlus, a U.S. government health website. These are called high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Although the total cholesterol levels are important for a patient’s health, the relative quantities of high-density and low-density lipoproteins are equally important for determining a patient’s risk of having cardiovascular disease. LDL is known as “bad” cholesterol, whereas HDL is the “good” cholesterol.
Cholesterol Levels
Ideally, a patient’s total cholesterol level should be below 200mg per deciliter, according to the American Heart Association. Anything above that is considered to be abnormally high. Abnormal LDL levels are those above 100mg per deciliter. Low HDL levels are those that are below 40mg per deciliter per men, and below 50mg per deciliter per women.
Interpretation
Patients with abnormal results on a cholesterol test might be at risk for developing atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the result of cholesterol building on the walls of arteries, forming masses called atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques make the arteries stiff and can lead to narrowing of the arteries, which restricts blood flow and increases the risk of the patient having a heart attack or stroke. Of particular concern on a cholesterol test is elevated LDL levels because high levels of low-density lipoprotein is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis.
Causes
Several causes can contribute to abnormal results on a cholesterol test, according to Medline. A diet that is high in fat and cholesterol can raise the results of a cholesterol test. Some patients also have an inherited genetic disorder that causes them to have elevated cholesterol levels. High cholesterol can also be caused by uncontrolled diabetes. Other medical problems that can contribute to abnormal results on cholesterol tests include hypothyroidism, biliary cirrhosis and nephrotic syndrome.
Changes
Patients who have high cholesterol levels can make changes to help bring their cholesterol to more acceptable levels, according to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Patients can improve their cholesterol levels by limiting their intake of cholesterol as well as saturated and trans fat. Losing weight and engaging in regular physical activity can also have a positive effect on cholesterol levels.
About this Author
Adam Cloe is an MD/PhD student at the University of Chicago. He has a Bachelor of Arts in biochemistry from Boston University, where he won an award for excellence in undergraduate science writing. He has been published in various scientific journals.
