Physical Science

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is made up of nucleotides (phosphate esters of nucleosides), consisting of a 5-carbon sugar, attached to a phosphate at the 5′ carbon, and a base at the 1′ carbon. The bases include the pyrimidines cytosine, and thymine,…
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For many years, engineers have strived to develop efficient actuators that transform energy from one form to another. For example, to transform electrical energy into rotational mechanical energy, inventors developed the electric motor. Most of these devices, however, have the…
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Much like the Sun itself (and the giant molecular cloud from which it formed), the outer gas giants – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune – contain large proportions of hydrogen and helium gas. The two closest of these, Jupiter and…
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In a world where technology has evolved so rapidly a great focus has been placed on nanoscale materials. These materials possess greater properties than their bulk material. Properties such as superior strength, resistance to cracking, high temperature applications and almost…
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We tend to think of the sun when we think of the hottest possible temperatures. The temperature in the sun’s interior is estimated to be about 15 million degrees Kelvin. A thermonuclear explosion can generate even higher temperatures, at most…
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When considering the efficiency of most electrical and mechanical appliances, it is evident that some portion of the energy utilized for their operation becomes wasted as heat. If such wasted energy can be utilized to produce electricity, it will not…
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  The glowing sun’s energy heats the earth and makes life on earth possible. Plants, animals and humans need the sun to shine brightly so they can live a healthy life, but the strong ultraviolet light from the sun can be…
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Making Iron The simplest way of making iron is with the so-called Catalan forge named after the Catalan district in Spain Although the basics of the process has been known for thousands of years. In this method the iron ore,…
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The dictionary defines fireworks, also termed pyrotechnics, as manufactured chemicals designed to make a loud and brilliant explosion when lit. That hardly does justice to the awe they inspire in young and old alike. We never outgrow the fascination of…
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Organic chemistry is often thought of as the chemistry of life. In fact, this is a commonly held misconception. Organic chemistry simply means the chemistry of carbon containing compounds, regardless of the origin of those compounds. Whether or not a…
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