Physical Science

Francium Symbol: Fr Atomic Number: 87 Atomic Mass: 223.0 amu (atomic mass units) Melting Point: 27.0 C (300.15 K, 80.6 F) Boiling Point: Unknown Number of Protons: 87 Number of Electrons: 87 Number of Neutrons: 136 Classification: Metal Group Name:…
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Francium (Fr) is a group one alkaline metal. It has an atomic number of 87; meaning it has 87 protons and 87 electrons which are arranged in 7 different electron shells, the final shell containing just one electron. This means…
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Gadolinium Symbol: Gd Atomic Number: 64 Atomic Mass: 157.25 amu (atomic mass units) Melting Point: 1311.0°C (1584.15 K, 2391.8°F) Boiling Point: 3233.0°C (3506.15 K, 5851.4°F) Number of Protons: 64 Number of Electrons: 64 Number of Neutrons: 93 Classification: Rare Earth…
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In August, in the stillness of the early dusk, take a step away from the city lights into the cool, dark night. Find a clear space where you can gaze without obstruction into the northeast, toward the darkest part of…
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Molecular geometry the name given to the geometry that describes the shape of a molecule. It can also be defined as the positions of the atomic nuclei in molecules. Not all molecules have the same shape of course. The shape…
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From the earliest traceable mythologies, humankind has dreamed of reaching the moon. It is only comparatively recently that scientific analysis and the Apollo missions discovered that the moon is probably not itself capable of sustaining its own life. However, it…
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Classical physics, for the most, was concerned with (and reasonably good at explaining) medium-scale phenomena: and still now, as when they were discovered, Newton’s laws allow us to quite accurately predict behaviour of roughly human-scale objects. Newton’s laws and classical…
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The easiest way to actually determine the temperature of liquid nitrogen is with a constant pressure gas thermometer (we’ll use CPGT for an abbreviation). This is also a method useful for determining absolute zero (see other articles regarding this temperature….
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I would like to write a little primarily on just one aspect of the singularity (hypothetical) that gave rise to the Universe. Some physicists evidently have considered an Einsteinist white hole for the gushing for of the inflaton and everything…
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Our Sun has been “burning” for 4.6 billion years; converting hydrogen to helium through nuclear fusion it provides the warmth we require to sustain us. It should continue to do so for many more billions of years since it has…
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