Physical Science

Two atoms of hydrogen with one atom of oxygen. This all sounds so simple, yet the actual nature of water is still a mystery to scientists. Over the last few years there has been much experimentation with the effects of…
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Holmium Symbol: Ho Atomic Number: 67 Atomic Mass: 164.93031 amu (atomic mass units) Melting Point: 1470.0 C (1743.15 K, 2678.0 F) Boiling Point: 2720.0 C (2993.15 K, 4928.0 F) Number of Protons: 67 Number of Electrons: 67 Number of Neutrons:…
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Household chemicals can be incredibly hazardous. Many cleaners are either highly acidic or high caustic, meaning that they can cause immediate and painful damage to protective skin tissue, let alone the membranes inside your mouth, nose, and eyes. Other cleaners…
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Protactinium Symbol: Pa Atomic Number: 91 Atomic Mass: 231.03587 amu (atomic mass units) Melting Point: 1600.0 C (1873.15 K, 2912.0 F) Boiling Point: Unknown Number of Protons: 91 Number of Electrons: 91 Number of Neutrons: 140 Classification: Rare Earth Metal…
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Magnesium is similar to sodium and potassium in toxicity towards human tissue in that the pure metal is toxic to cells, while the ions are not only unharmful but also function as cofactor for several key enzymes in the body….
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Boyle’s law simply states that the volume of a gas kept at a constant temperature varies inversely with the pressure exerted upon it. In other words as the pressure of a gas increases the volume decreases and vice versa as…
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The chemistry of rocket fuel is a complex field. There are many different formulations, some secret, some proprietary and their performance under even seemingly identical conditions can vary greatly depending on tiny differences unnoticed by the attending engineers. However, there…
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Potassium is an interesting metal like sodium. Both sodium and potassium are toxic to humans in the metallic form. However, both are essential for homeostasis in the ionic form. Potassium ions are as important as sodium ions in maintaining the…
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Although some debate whether the First Industrial Revolution was truly a revolution, meaning an immediate change, or more of a gradual evolution, one fact remains: The First Industrial Revolution shaped the world, its economy, and the very way of life…
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The element calcium follows the trend in properties that is seen with magnesium and sodium and potassium elements. Namely, it is toxic to mammals in its metallic form, while it is unharmful in its ionic form. Actually, calcium ion is…
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