Medical Science

The human kidney is comprised of an outer capsule and a cortex and a medulla. The kidney is the site of formation of the urine. The functional unit of the kidney is called nephron and is composed of millions of…
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The colon or large intestine is anatomically continuous with the small intestine through the ileo-cecal valve, which serves to keep food from flowing backward from the large intestine to the small intestine. The first part of the large intestine is…
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DO WE NEED PAIN? Pain is a communication tool. Sometimes the tool gets overloaded or broken. Imagine a drill that won’t shut off. Or, one that won’t turn on. The anatomy of pain is like a Public Announcement system (PA…
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The pancreas is an essential organ in humans that without it we cannot live. The pancreas has two known functions. These are an endocrine function and an exocrine function. The endocrine function of the pancreas is especially important in a…
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Complement cascade is one of the first defences we have against invading pathogens, part of our innate immunity. Complement are serine proteins which work with antibodies to destroy pathogens. Complement controls inflammation, phagocytosis, and lyses some cells (breaks apart, cell…
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Why yawning is contagious We have all witnessed and can testify that contagion happens when someone in a group, yawns even if it is a stifled yawn. Some theorists believe that this phenomena is more the result of a tendency…
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Hormones are chemical compounds which are synthesized and secreted to the circulation by specialized organs in the body and which are called endocrine glands.  Hormones can be secreted to the blood circulation in response to neuronal stimulation or due to…
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The Structure and Function of the Human Heart The heart, an organ about the size of a first operated as two coordinated pumps that send blood throughout the body. The heart is located in the upper chest just slightly left…
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Pine Cones, Sleep, and Inflammation The effect of the pineal gland on the inflammatory response. The pineal gland is a endocrine gland found dorsally to the cerebrum, proximally to the brain stem. It is a small, nodular gland often described…
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To understand the function of the skin, one first has to know that the skin is made of layers. These layers create a protective sheath on the outside of the body. Because skin covers almost the entire body, notable exceptions…
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