The cell cycle is a complex mechanism that results in cell growth and propagation. In eukaryotes, such as humans, the cycle is divided into G1, S, G2, and M phases, where M represents the process of mitosis (i.e. cell division),…
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Progesterone is a steroid hormone produced by the ovum and placenta, making it female-specific. Progesterone is responsible for preparing the uterus for pregnancy, but research published in the journal Nature in March 2011 identified another role for the hormone –…
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Human fertilization occurs when the male reproductive cell, sperm, meets the female reproductive cell, an egg. The sperm of a male are produced inside the testes, and stored in the epidydymis. Ejaculation of sperm occurs through the head of the…
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Exosomes are 30 – 90 nm vesicles secreted by mammalian cells and would be the result of late endosomes or multi vesicular bodies (MVB) coalescing with the cell membrane. According to scientists, the initial even in the formation of exosomes…
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Eukaryotic animal cells are enclosed by an outer cell membrane unlike the plant cells that have an external cell wall. This plasma membrane is semi-fluid and selectively permeable in nature. It consists of a phospholipids’ bi-layer with integral proteins embedded…
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Neurons, also called nerve cells, are extremely important. They are mostly located in the brain. Without them, we cannot think, feel, or move our bodies. Life would not be possible without them. It would be unwise to say that neurons are simple. They are…
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DNA is the molecule present in every cell of a living organism and is comprised of individual molecules known as nucleotides. The nucleotides are strung together to form very long strand of DNA that clump together and form chromosomes. Along…
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Protein synthesis is the building of proteins, essential organic compounds for intra- and extracellular functions. Proteins are molecules that provide structure and support for living things, as well as catabolizing chemical reactions in their enzymatic roles. In the cell, the…
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The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle found in eukaryotes consisting of a continuation of the nuclear membrane in cisternae that are held in shape by various cytoskeletal systems. These membranes enclose a region from the cytoplasm and so can form…
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The real cost of genetic engineering is, as a matter of fact, given by the cost of the LOSS of it. Those who oppose genetic engineering often mention the novelty of this science and our imperfect knowledge of genetics to…
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