A cell is a basic structural and functional unit of all living things and is also considered a building block of life itself. Within the cell is found many complex structures known as organelles. These organelles range from simple (in…
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The angiotensin II receptors are cell surface proteins present in a number of tissues. The receptors bind angiotensin II, the active peptide in the renin-angiotensin system, also known as the RAS. There are four known types of angiotensin II receptor,…
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Muscle cells are polarizable like neurons. Namely they possess a membrane electric potential that can be depolarized and hyperpolarized. Muscle cells contain many nuclei inside their cytoplasm. However, muscle cells do not divide but can atrophy and hypertrophy. For the…
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Prokaryotes are a varied type of organism that can be found in every niche that exists worldwide. They are simply organisms that lack any membrane bound organelles in their cellular structure. They are contrasted to eukaryotes, which feature a true…
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The human digestive system is an enormously complicated series of organs and tissues. The GI tract runs from your mouth, where food goes in, to your rectum, where the processed food comes out. Everything in between, including your esophagus, stomach,…
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Many bacteria, particularly those with Gram- cell wall structure, have external appendages; delicate strands of protein that extend beyond the surface of the cell. These external structures of bacteria can come in many forms. Long, thin flagella are used by…
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Protoplasm is the living material that is found in a cell. An older term for the living parts of a cell, protoplasm was first used in 1846 by Hugo von Mohl. Von Mohl used the term to describe what he…
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Mitosis is the process by which a nucleate cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells. These product cells are diploid cells, meaning they have the full 46 chromosomes. There is also no genetic difference at all between the daughter…
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On multicellular eukaryotes there are two types of cell division, mitotic (consist of mitosis and cytokinesis) and meiosis, the major use of mitosis is for division at autonomous cell, meiosis is for division at reproduction cell. The differences between mitosis…
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All living things run on energy. If the organism is a plant or autotrophic microbe, the energy comes from sunlight. For all other forms of life, energy is extracted from nutrients through the reactions of metabolism-cellular respiration. * Cellular Respiration…
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